The Journal Agro Productividad is a monthly publication of the Colegio of Postgraduados in Agricultural Sciences based in Texcoco, Mexico. It was founded in 2008 with the aim of disseminating results in original scientific articles, as well as scientific notes, thematic reviews and scientific essays related to agriculture (crops, forestry, livestock, fishing and aquaculture, and agribusiness) and agrifood production. It also addresses issues on economic, social and environmental processes that impact agricultural productivity and rural development. All contributions received are submitted to a double blind arbitration process and final edition. The journal is published in Spanish with abstract in English. It is indexed to different national and international indicators highlighting Zoological Records, CAB ABSTRACTS, CABI, Periodica, Latindex (Directory and Catalog), Biblat y Master List, Clarivate Analytics, REDIB.
In vitro medium-term conservation of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews) through the use of ancymidol
Objective: To evaluate the effect of ancymidol on the in vitro medium-term conservation of Vanilla planifolia by analyzing explant survival, morphological growth, and the regenerative capacity of the conserved material. Design/Methodology/Approach: In vitro shoots were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 30 g L⁻¹ sucrose and different concentrations of ancymidol (0, 1, 2, and 3 mg L⁻¹). After 6 and 12 months of conservation, survival percentage, shoot length, number of leaves, and number and length of roots were evaluated. After 12 months, the conserved material was transferred to MS medium containing 2 mg L⁻¹ BAP to assess its regeneration capacity. Results: Ancymidol significantly restricted shoot and root growth without affecting material survival, with all treatments showing 100% survival at both 6 and 12 months. The greatest growth inhibition was obtained with 1 mg L⁻¹ ancymidol, which resulted in the shortest shoot length after 12 months compared with the control treatment. Moreover, shoots conserved under this condition retained their regenerative capacity and multiplied normally after transfer to culture medium supplemented with BAP. Limitations/Implications: The observed response was assessed exclusively through morphological variables and regeneration capacity. Findings/Conclusions: Ancymidol constitutes an effective alternative for the in vitro medium-term conservation of V. planifolia, as it reduces explant growth, maintains high viability, and allows subsequent regeneration of the conserved material.
Selection of Capsicum chinense Jacq. Genotypes Across Different Production Systems
Objective: To evaluate the response of habanero pepper cultivation under greenhouse and open-field conditions in the semiarid environment of Baja California, using experimental genotypes and a commercial control from two localities. Design/methodology/approach: A randomized complete block design with ten treatments and four blocks was established, following the methodology described by Steel and Torrie (1980). Sowing was carried out in January and February using polystyrene trays with 130 cells. Prior to sowing, seeds were treated with gibberellic acid at 40% concentration, resulting in an average emergence rate of 97.24%. Transplanting was conducted in March and April, and agronomic management was general and uniform throughout the entire crop development cycle. Results: The genotypes exhibited a favorable response in terms of growth and yield per plant under both protected and open-field conditions. The average yield per hectare exceeded the national mean reported for producing regions. Under greenhouse and open-field conditions, average yields of 61 and 18 tons per hectare were obtained, respectively. Findings/conclusions: The evaluated materials are well adapted to the different environments assessed in the semiarid agricultural regions of Baja California and show strong potential for selection for commercial purposes
Effect of the Nitrate-Urea Ratio, Nickel Levels, and Light Intensity on the Development of Lactuca sativa L. under Hydroponic Conditions
Objective: To determine the effects of the nitrate/urea ratio, nickel concentrations in the nutrient solution, and different light intensities on the development of lettuce cultivated in a hydroponic system. Design: The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 × 3 three-factor arrangement, comprising 18 treatments and five replicates. The evaluated factors were the nitrate/urea ratio, nickel concentration, and light intensity. Results: The 80/20 nitrate/urea ratio promoted the greatest root volume, leaf fresh weight, leaf and root dry weight, and larger leaf area, thus indicating higher efficiency in nitrogen assimilation when part of the supply was provided as urea. Nickel at a concentration of 1 mg L^-1 tended to enhance growth compared with the absence of nickel. Likewise, a light intensity of 400 μmol m^-2 s^-1 increased root volume, dry biomass, and leaf greenness. Study limitations/implications: Further research is needed to evaluate other mineral sources and different specific spectral compositions for production under controlled environments, as these represent a promising opportunity to improve the development and quality of hydroponic lettuce. Findings/conclusions: Nickel exerted moderately positive effects at a concentration of 1 mg L^-1, and its combination with the nitrogen source ratio of 80/20 under a light intensity of 400 μmol m^-2 s^-1 resulted in greater root volume, dry biomass, and leaf greenness (SPAD). Therefore, this treatment can be considered a viable alternative for improving lettuce development in hydroponic systems.
Silicon in the Growth and Mineral Composition of Tomato Seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Objective: To determine the effects of silicon on growth variables, dry biomass, and the mineral composition of tomato seedling leaves. Design/methodology/approach: Seeds of the indeterminate saladette tomato cultivar La Gema (Nirit Seeds LTD) were sown in polystyrene trays and maintained in a growth chamber equipped with an artificial lighting system. A completely randomized experimental design with five treatments was employed. Sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3·9H2O) was used as the silicon source at doses of 0 (control), 1, 3, 5, and 7 mg L-1. Silicon applications were administered through irrigation. The following growth variables were evaluated: seedling height, leaf greenness, leaf area, number of leaves, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and total dry weight. In addition, the mineral composition of the leaves was determined, including N, K, Ca, and Mg. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher’s test (p ≤ 0.05) for mean comparison. Minitab v.18 software was used for all analyses. Results: Silicon application enhanced tomato seedling growth, improved seedling quality, and increased the concentrations of K, Ca, and Mg. Findings/conclusions: Silicon at a dose of 3 mg L-1 proved effective in increasing morphological variables and improving the mineral composition of the leaves.
Influence of Irrigation Interval and Soil Texture on Onion Bulb Development (Allium cepa L.)
Objective: To determine the influence of soil texture and irrigation interval on onion bulb development. Design/Methodology/Approach: The experimental design consisted of a 12 × 2 factorial arrangement, comprising 12 soil textural classes and two distinct irrigation frequencies. Thus, 24 treatments were evaluated, each with four replicates. The response variables included bulb weight, equatorial bulb diameter (ED), polar bulb diameter (PD), total soluble solids (TSS), bulb firmness, and bulb dry weight. Results: The treatment combining sandy loam soil texture with daily irrigation exhibited the highest yields. Study Limitations/Implications: The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions, whereas onion is typically grown under open-field conditions. Moreover, no prior physical analysis was performed for each soil texture. Therefore, the results should be interpreted in light of these considerations. Findings/Conclusions: In most treatments, no significant differences were observed among the response variables analyzed.
Seaweed Extracts and Composts (Macrocystis spp.) as biostimulants for tomato seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Objective: To evaluate different application rates of seaweed extracts and compost derived from Macrocystis spp. as biostimulants in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown under greenhouse conditions. Design/methodology/approach: A completely randomized design with four replications was employed. The following treatments were evaluated: (1) a Macrocystis spp. seaweed extract obtained in the laboratory under controlled temperature and pressure conditions; (2) a Bokashi-type compost based on the same seaweed; and (3) two commercial seaweed extracts, ProalG® and NPKelp®. Synthetic fertilization and water were used as controls. All treatments were applied at three different rates. Results: The treatments that produced the greatest foliar biomass, plant height, and stem diameter were NPKelp® at the medium rate, ProalG® at the high rate, and the laboratory-obtained Macrocystis spp. seaweed extract at the high rate. Regarding nutrient concentration in plant tissue, the treatments NPKelp® (medium rate), ProalG® (high rate), seaweed extract (high rate), and compost promoted the highest macronutrient concentrations. Findings/conclusions: The use of seaweed extracts and compost as biostimulants constitutes a viable alternative for reducing the use of chemical fertilization in tomato production.
Influence of Trichoderma harzianum on the growth of watermelon seedlings (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.)
Objective: To evaluate the growth of watermelon seedlings of the Charleston cultivar inoculated with four doses of Trichoderma harzianum. Design/methodology/approach: A randomized complete block design with ten replicates was established. Watermelon seeds of the Charleston cultivar were sown in germination trays, and four doses of Trichoderma harzianum (T1: 1 g L⁻¹, T2: 1.5 g L⁻¹, T3: 2 g L⁻¹, and T4: 2.5 g L⁻¹), along with a control (0 g L⁻¹), were evaluated as treatments. The variables assessed were stem diameter, leaf fresh weight, stem fresh weight, root ball weight, number of leaves, stem length, robustness index, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, and root dry weight. Results: The most outstanding treatment was T1, which produced the greatest seedling growth, followed by T2, which also contributed favorably to plant quality. Limitations on study/implications: The results are limited to only four doses of Trichoderma harzianum for promoting the growth of watermelon seedlings; however, they provide valuable information for optimizing microorganism-based biostimulant doses for seedling production under greenhouse conditions. Findings/conclusions: The application of Trichoderma harzianum exhibited a growth-promoting effect on watermelon seedlings. High doses of Trichoderma harzianum (T3 and T4) showed a limited effect on growth and, in some cases, may be less effective than lower doses.
Chemical Edaphic Gradients in Traditional Native Maize (Zea mays L.) Production Systems in the Lower Chinantla
Objective: Soil chemical properties directly influence soil fertility and can be modified by management practices, particularly in traditional agricultural systems. This study aimed to determine soil chemical properties and identify edaphic gradients in native maize production systems in the Lower Chinantla region of Oaxaca, Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: Thirty-two soil samples were collected through participatory random sampling with producers of native Tuxpeño maize in June 2025. Soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and the concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu were determined in accordance with NOM-021-RECNAT-2000 guidelines. Variability in soil chemical properties was evaluated using descriptive statistics, and edaphic gradients were identified through principal component and cluster analyses. Results: High variability was observed in organic matter, P, and Fe. Two main edaphic gradients were identified: one associated with soil fertility and another related to exchangeable bases, with Ca as the dominant variable. Study Limitations/Implications: Limitations include the absence of control over climatic, topographic, and vegetation cover variables. In addition, the form, source, and application rate of fertilizers used in previous cropping cycles may have influenced soil heterogeneity. Findings/Conclusions: The results underscore the importance of considering edaphic gradients in the management of traditional agricultural systems as a strategy to optimize soil fertility and enhance native maize productivity.
Evaluation of Strawberry Fruit Quality (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) and Its Response to Nutrient Solutions
Objective: To evaluate the effect of different nutrient solutions on the fruit quality of artificially pollinated strawberries grown under shade-house conditions in the Guasave Valley, Sinaloa. Design/methodology/approach: A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was established with four treatments and six replicates. The evaluated treatments were as follows: T1 = Nutrient Solution 1 (NS1) = Steiner solution; T2 = Nutrient Solution 2 (NS2) = commercial solution Vidamin-NPK 20-30-10 COMPO EXPERT®; T3 = Nutrient Solution 3 (NS3) = commercial solution Foliamin K 15-5-30 COMPO EXPERT®; and T4 = Nutrient Solution 4 (NS4) = tap water without additional nutrients. Fruit physical characteristics (weight and equatorial diameter) and physicochemical characteristics (°Brix, pH, and internal and external color) were evaluated as response variables. Results: A significant difference (p≤0.05) was observed for the physical variables, with fruits treated with NS2 and NS3 exhibiting the greatest weight (39.8 g and 36.1 g, respectively). Regarding the physicochemical characteristics, both pH and color (L, a*, C*, and H*) showed significant differences (p≤0.05). Fruits grown with NS2 exhibited a lower pH (3.3) than those under the other treatments, whose pH ranged from 3.53 to 3.6. Findings/conclusions: Concerning internal and external color, fruits fertilized with NS1 and NS2 showed greater red color saturation (a*). Overall, the results were favorable in terms of fruit quality. A limitation of this study is that it was conducted under specific shade-house conditions in a single region; nevertheless, nutrient solutions appear to constitute a viable alternative for improving strawberry fruit quality
Development of a GeoJSON-Based Tool for the Integration and Visualization of Agronomic and Cartographic Data Applied to Agricultural Irrigation Management
Objective: To develop a computational tool for the integration and visualization of agronomic and cartographic data in GeoJSON format, applied to agricultural irrigation management. Design/methodology/approach: A descriptive and applied approach was adopted through the design of a Python-based system that links spatial information in shapefile format with tabular agronomic data derived from spreadsheets. The process incorporates identifier normalization, tabular-to-spatial joining, and automated export in compliance with the RFC 7946 standard. The tool was implemented using real data from the Batequis Irrigation Module of Irrigation District 075, located in northern Sinaloa, Mexico. Results: The system generated an interoperable GeoJSON file that preserved the geometric integrity of agricultural plots and the consistency of agronomic attributes. Geospatial visualization enabled the interpretation of water stress distribution at the plot level. The usability evaluation yielded an average score of 82.5 on the System Usability Scale (SUS), while the functional evaluation, based on ISO/IEC 25010, showed a compliance level of 94%. Limitations on study/implications: The tool was applied in a single irrigation module; therefore, its performance is associated with the operational and agronomic conditions of that specific context. Its application in other irrigation modules and districts is recommended in order to broaden the scope of the results. Findings/conclusions: The developed tool provides a robust technical foundation for strengthening the digitalization of irrigation services through interoperable geospatial products. The proposed solution is both viable and pertinent for enhancing the integration, visualization, and analysis of agricultural information, thereby contributing to more informed decision-making in irrigation management.
Medicinal Plants in Livestock Ethnoveterinary Medicine: Traditional Knowledge
Objective. To identify the plant species used in ethnoveterinary medicine and to document their preparation methods, routes of administration, and categories of use in animal health in the municipality of Tlahuiltepa, Hidalgo, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: A descriptive, cross-sectional study with an ethnobotanical and ethnoveterinary approach was conducted. Seventy-eight livestock producers were interviewed using semistructured questionnaires, complemented by field visits for the collection and identification of plant species. Common and scientific names, plant parts used, preparation methods, routes of administration, and categories of use were recorded. Data were analyzed using frequencies and percentages to identify patterns of use. Results: Twenty-two species belonging to 16 botanical families were identified, predominantly used in cattle. Leaves were the most frequently utilized plant part, infusion was the most common preparation method, and oral administration was the predominant route. The most representative categories of use were general health and gastrointestinal disorders, whereas other systems, such as the renal, hepatic, and cardiovascular systems, were addressed less frequently. Limitations/implications: The information was based on reports from local producers, which may introduce variability in dosage and observed effects. The pharmacological efficacy of the documented species was not evaluated; therefore, further research is required to validate their therapeutic properties. Findings/conclusions: Medicinal plants constitute a key resource in local ethnoveterinary practices, providing accessible and sustainable alternatives for livestock health management and underscoring the importance of traditional knowledge in animal care.
Gibberellic Acid in the Germination of “Achilito” Chili Pepper Seeds (Capsicum annuum L.)
Objective: To evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid on the germination percentage of “Achilito” chili pepper seeds (Capsicum annuum L.). Design/methodology/approach: Seeds obtained from ripe fruits collected in Cuicatlán, Oaxaca, were disinfected using Tween 20, 70% alcohol, and distilled water. Six treatments were evaluated: T1, water at room temperature; T2, T3, T4, and T5, gibberellic acid at 10, 100, 250, and 500 mg L⁻¹, respectively; and T6, water at 80 °C for 5 min. Twenty seeds per replicate were placed in Petri dishes and incubated for 14 days. Germination was recorded daily, considering as germinated those seeds with radicles ≥ 2 mm. Germination percentage (GP) was determined for this variable. Data were analyzed under a completely randomized design using Tukey’s test (α ≤ 0.05). Mean germination time (MGT) and the percentage of dead seeds (DS) were also evaluated. Results: The best germination response of “Achilito” seeds (100%) was observed with 10 mg L⁻¹ of GA3, with an MGT of 3.27, indicating vigorous seedlings. Limitations on study/implications: The “Achilito” variety, native to Cuicatlán, Oaxaca, is highly valued in Oaxacan cuisine; however, its cultivation remains limited, which increases its market value and restricts its commercialization outside the state. This crop could represent an excellent production alternative. Findings/conclusions: The chili pepper species Capsicum annuum L. var. “Achilito” shows no evidence of genetic improvement. Gibberellic acid at a concentration of 20 mg L⁻¹ promotes 100% germination after 11 days. The use of GA3 at 500 mg L⁻¹ resulted in fungal growth.
Quality and yield of two fig varieties(Ficus carica L.) under intensive management in greenhouse conditions
Demand for fresh and processed figs (Ficus carica L.) is increasing annually in both domestic and international markets. Mexico has the potential to become a major global producer. However, open-field cultivation poses phytosanitary and climatological control challenges; therefore, the adoption of technologies such as greenhouse production constitutes a viable alternative for increasing fig fruit yield and quality in a profitable and sustainable manner. Objective: To evaluate the performance and quality of two fig varieties under intensive management in greenhouse conditions. Design/methodology/approach: The experiment was conducted at the Higher Technological Institute of Eldorado, in Eldorado, Sinaloa, Mexico (24°19´28” N, 107°22´01” W; 11 m above sea level). The fig varieties Netzahualcoyotl and Black Mission were planted at a spacing of 1.0 m between plants and 1.80 m between rows in a greenhouse with a plastic roof, 6 m in height, and vertical walls covered with aphid-proof mesh. The crop was managed with eight stems per plant and 20 fruits per stem. The variables evaluated were yield, fruit weight, total soluble solids (°Brix), and the polar and equatorial diameters of the fruit. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the Netzahualcoyotl and Black Mission varieties for yield, polar diameter, equatorial diameter, and fruit weight. The Netzahualcoyotl variety exhibited greater polar and equatorial fruit diameters (50 and 54 mm, respectively) than the Black Mission variety (42 and 47 mm, respectively). Likewise, Netzahualcoyotl showed higher fruit weight and yield (70 g and 62 t ha⁻¹, respectively) compared with Black Mission (52 g and 46 t ha⁻¹, respectively). No significant differences were observed between the two varieties in terms of fruit total soluble solids (°Brix). Limitations on study/implications: The fig fruits used for sampling were processed as rapidly as possible due to their high perishability. Findings/conclusions: The Netzahualcoyotl variety exhibited superior yield compared to the Black Mission variety, mainly as a result of its greater polar and equatorial fruit diameters and higher fruit weight.
First record of Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1970 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in peach crops in the community of Surutato, Badiraguato, Sinaloa, Mexico.
ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the dipteran species associated with premature peach fruit drop in the community of Surutato, thereby providing a foundation for the development of phytosanitary measures. Design/methodology/approach: McPhail-type traps baited with hydrolyzed protein as an olfactory attractant were installed in peach plants (Prunus persica L. Batsch, 1801). The collected specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol and subsequently identified using dichotomous keys. Results: Six morphotypes belonging to the order Diptera were identified: three syrphids (Syrphidae), one phorid (Phoridae), one muscid (Muscidae), and one drosophilid (Drosophilidae). The first five are characterized as predators of aphids and psyllids. The identified drosophilid was the African fig fly (Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1970), a pest that, over the past three decades, has demonstrated remarkable invasive capacity across the American continent. Limitations on study/implications: Sampling was limited to the community of Surutato and to peach plants; consequently, the true extent of the infestation remains unknown, as does the presence of the African fig fly in other crops. Findings/conclusions: This study presents the first record of the African fig fly, Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1970 (Diptera: Drosophilidae), at 1,500 metres above sea level in peach cultivation in the state of Sinaloa. The data suggest that the pronounced phenotypic plasticity exhibited by the African fig fly, together with its considerable tolerance to low temperatures and the availability of host plants, confers the necessary attributes for its successful establishment in the Sierra de Surutato.
Application of nanotechnology in the production of nanoparticles of bioactive compounds: Case of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L) extracts
Objective: To compile available information on techniques used in the production of nanoparticles involving functional compounds. Design/Methodology/Approach: Published information and experiences from researchers working in the field of nanoparticles were compiled. Study protocols were created, and the advantages and disadvantages of nanoparticle fabrication were analyzed. Results: The compiled information enabled the development of a flowchart for preparing nanoparticles from extracts containing bioactive compounds. Limitations/Implications of the Study: Very little information is available. Specialized laboratories limit the use of these techniques. Findings/Conclusions: A theoretical framework was developed to enable the use of nanoparticle fabrication techniques for research and to develop solutions that improve the shelf life of food intended for human consumption.
Identification of key meat quality parameters
Objective: To analyze and synthesize the scientific literature related to the main physicochemical and technological parameters that determine meat quality, particulary pH, water-holding capacity (WHC), antioxidan activity, color, and texture. Design/Methodology/Approach: A narrative review of scientific literature published in indexed journals, specialized books, and technical documents related to meat science anda technology was conducted. Studies focusing on post mortem biochemical mechanisms and their influence on quality attributes were selected. Results: The literature indicates that post mortem pH is a determining factor in protein structure and water-holfing capacity, directly influencing texture and color. WHC is closely associated with myofibrillar spacing and the structural state of muscle proteins. Likewise, antioxidant activity plays a key role in oxidative stability, affecting color preservation and sensory profile. Together, these parameters interact dynamically and determine the technological and commercial quality of meat. Limitations/Implications of the Study: Variability in production systems, management practices, genetics, and post mortem conditions makes direct comparison among studies difficult. Nevertheless, integrating these parameters provides a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing meat quality and guides future research toward technological improvement strategies. Findings/Conclusions: Meat quality results from complex biochemical and structural interactions ocurring during the post mortem period. Understanding parameters such as pH, WHC, antioxidant activity, color, and texture is essential to optimize production and processing systems, as well as to ensure product stability and overall quality.
Technical Assistance and Adoption of Technological Innovations: Analysis of GGAVATT Pig Producers in Guanajuato, Mexico
Objective: To evaluate the level of adoption of technological innovations (TIs) and the effect of pig producers’ participation in the GGAVATT model in the state of Guanajuato. Design/methodology/approach: Monthly data from 5,162 records of 260 pig farmers who received technical assistance and training (TAT) through the GGAVATT model from 2014 to 2020 in Guanajuato were analyzed. The data included participation in meetings, training sessions, and technology transfer tours, as well as the implementation of 25 technical interventions (TIs). Five synthetic variables were constructed as adoption indices (AIs) of TIs: Technical Assistance and Training (TAT), Management (M), Nutrition (N), Reproduction and Genetics (RG), and Health and Biosecurity (SB). To evaluate the effect of technical assistance (TA) on the use of TIs, producers were classified into three levels according to their participation in GGAVATT: 1 year, 2–3 years, and 4–5 years. The five indices were calculated for each participation level. Results: The estimated AI values by level of participation of pig farmers in the GGAVATT were 0.38, 0.40, and 0.46 for TAyC; 0.51, 0.55, and 0.62 for M; 0.58, 0.61, and 0.69 for N; 0.53, 0.61, and 0.66 for RyG; and 0.53, 0.58, and 0.63 for SyB. Limitations on study/implications: While all the AIs changed positively, the transition from a semi-technified to a technified production system was not achieved. Therefore, future studies should analyze other factors that limit IT adoption. Findings/conclusions: The TAT activities provided to pig farmers through the GGAVATT model positively influence the adoption of technological innovations, with the strongest effect observed in the area of nutrition
Vermicompost doses on nutraceutical properties and yield of Physalis ixocarpa Brot. Ex. Hornem
Objective: To evaluate different doses of vermicompost on the nutraceutical properties and yield of tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa Brot. Ex. Hornem.) under field conditions Design/methodology/approach: A randomized block experimental design was used with 4 treatments: T1 Synthetic fertilization (FS) (YaraMila Complex), T2 Vermicompost 50 g per plant (T2 50 g L), T3 Vermicompost 100 g L) and T4 Vermicompost 200 g L, with 20 replicates and 3 blocks per treatment with a total of 240 experimental units. Results: Statistical analysis showed significant differences between treatments (P≤0.05) for all evaluated variables, where a trend was observed that the best treatments were the applications of vermicompost of 100 and 200 gs per plant (T3 100 g L and T4 200 g L) for nutraceutical variables and a yield per plant of 8 kg. Limitations on study/implications: include the contribution of vermicompost in the soil under study. Findings/conclusions: The best treatments were doses of 100 and 200 gs of vermicompost per plant, which improves some nutraceutical characteristics of the tomatillo crop.
Anatomical Characterization of Ear and Kernel in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Objective: To evaluate the physical quality of ears and kernels of hybrids and varieties cultivated in the municipality of San Luis Acatlán, Guerrero, Mexico. Methodology: Six white-kernel hybrids, two yellow-kernel hybrids, and two blue and white landraces were used. The maize was grown during the Spring–Summer 2020 growing cycle under rainfed conditions. Physical traits of the ear and kernel anatomy were evaluated. Results: VS-Tuxpeño and Azul exhibited the greatest ear length among the evaluated varieties (18.70 and 18.56 cm, respectively), whereas H-565 showed the highest ear weight (204.40 g). H-515 and H-Tuxpeño presented a width-to-length index (WLI) of 0.81, corresponding to a round kernel type, whereas H-565 exhibited a more elongated kernel shape (0.65). All genotypes, except Ocotito, showed an endosperm proportion greater than 70%. Limitations of the study: Given the edaphoclimatic conditions of the municipality of San Luis Acatlán and the increasingly pronounced effects of global climate change, adaptive strategies for this type of crop should be further investigated. Conclusions: Hybrids H-565 and VS-Tuxpeño exhibited superior performance in most ear and kernel components, which makes them suitable for commercial production, whereas the Azul variety showed comparable performance with the additional advantage of natural pigmentation. H-562 and Ocotito presented higher proportions of endosperm and germ, respectively, underscoring their potential for the masa and tortilla industry. Overall, the results reveal significant differences among genotypes and support their selection according to the intended grain use in San Luis Acatlán, Guerrero.
Cost of producing a replacement heifer in family dairy system
Objective: To estimate the production cost of a replacement heifer in the family dairy system of the Los Altos Region of Jalisco, Mexico, providing economic evidence to support ranchers’ decision-making in the region. Design/methodology/approach: Information was obtained from three dairy farmers in the family farming system located in Tepatitlán, Jalisco, from May 2019 to May 2022, through the design and implementation of monthly tracking forms for technical and economic information. The unit of analysis was the heifer, with information obtained from 297 animals. These data were integrated into a database to analyze the activities and technologies implemented in the zootechnical areas and to estimate the unit cost of production of a heifer (CUPV). The CUPV was calculated by summing the quantity of each input used multiplied by its respective price in each production unit and dividing the result by the number of heifers produced. Results: Eleven of the 17 activities and technologies analyzed were implemented by all three production units during the study period. None of the units had calving facilities or hired staff exclusively dedicated to calf care. The only activity that improved during the study period was the implementation of the progressive weaning method. The average CUPV was $37,789, with feed representing 96%, labor 1.4%, reproduction-related costs 1.3%, and health-related costs 0.6%. Limitations on study/implications: Estimating the CUPV is essential to support milk producers’ decision-making in generating their own replacement heifers. Findings/conclusions: Producing a replacement heifer costs on average $37,789.00 from month 0 to first calving, with more than 90% of the total cost allocated to feed.
Reduction in the incidence and recurrence of diarrhea in multibreed kids supplemented with Bacillus subtilis PB6 in Northern Mexico
Objective: To evaluate the effect of probiotic supplementation (Bacillus subtilis PB6) on weight gain, as well as the incidence and recurrence of diarrhea and pneumonia in multibreed kids in northern Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was conducted in Ejido Corona, Municipality of Matamoros, Coahuila (northern Mexico). The experiment lasted 25 days in October 2022. Ninety-nine kids were randomly assigned to two homogeneous groups based on body weight (BW; 3.7 ± 0.2 kg). The control group (CG; n = 50) received 5 mL of milk per kid per day. The treated group (TG; n = 49) received 5 mL of milk per kid per day supplemented with 1 g/kg BW of Bacillus subtilis PB6. Administration was performed daily at 12:00 p.m. The probiotic dose was adjusted every five days, coinciding with body weight measurements. Results: No significant difference was observed in final BW (p > .05; 7.7 ± 0.1 kg vs. 7.4 ± 0.2 kg for TG and CG, respectively). A significant difference was found in diarrhea incidence (p < .05; 28% vs. 50% for TG and CG, respectively), as well as in diarrhea recurrence (p < .05; 29% vs. 48% for TG and CG, respectively). These findings indicate that supplementation with Bacillus subtilis PB6 reduced the incidence and recurrence of diarrhea and may have contributed to the prevention of pneumonia. Limitations/Implications: A longer supplementation period may be required to observe significant effects on body weight in kids. Findings/Conclusions: Probiotic supplementation with Bacillus subtilis PB6 improved health outcomes by reducing diarrheal incidence and recurrence in multibreed kids raised under semi-arid conditions in northern Mexico.
Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana as a biopesticide: A meta-analysis
Objective: To perform a meta-analysis evaluating the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana as a biological control agent against agricultural pests. Methodology: A bibliographic search was conducted using the Embase and PubMed databases, applying the terms Beauveria bassiana, entomopathogenic fungi, crop, plant, and mortality, connected by the operator “AND.” The search encompassed studies published from 2019 to 2024. The analysis focused primarily on reported mortality rates, crop species treated, conidial concentrations, and targeted pest species. Results: The most frequently applied conidial concentration was 1 × 10⁸ conidia/mL. Mortality rates ranging from 25% to 75% were the most commonly reported, particularly in trials targeting Hemipteran pests, where favorable outcomes were consistently observed. Limitations: There was notable variability across studies in terms of fungal concentration, crop type, application technique, and reproducibility of laboratory results, which may affect the generalizability of findings. Conclusions: The use of Beauveria bassiana is recommended for the control of Hemipteran pests, given the consistently high mortality rates reported. Additionally, its potential as a biocontrol agent for mites is proposed, although further evidence is required to support this application. Conidial concentrations of 1 × 10⁷ and 1 × 10⁸ conidia/mL are suggested, preferably utilizing locally adapted Beauveria bassiana strains.
Earliness and productive efficiency in tropical black bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under terminal drought
Objective: To determine the effect of earliness on grain yield of tropical black bean genotypes under terminal drought and to select those with lower susceptibility and higher productive efficiency than the cultivar Negro Jamapa. Design/methodology/approach: Fifteen genotypes were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications in two trials: one under full irrigation and another in which irrigation was suspended at the onset of flowering. Days to physiological maturity and grain yield were quantified. Analyses of variance were performed for each moisture regime, means were compared using the Least Significant Difference test (α = 0.05), and correlation analysis was conducted. Drought response was evaluated using the drought susceptibility index (DSI) and the relative efficiency index (REI). Results: Verdín was the earliest genotype, reaching maturity at 72.3 and 68.0 days under full irrigation and drought stress, respectively. Papaloapan/SEN 46-7-10, CIAT-103-25, Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3-4-4, Papaloapan/SEN 46-2-6, and Rubí exhibited the lowest susceptibility to terminal drought (DSI < 0.90), whereas Verdín, CIAT-103-25, and Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3-4-4 showed the highest productive efficiency (REI > 1.28), surpassing Negro Jamapa. Grain yield was negatively correlated with days to maturity under both full irrigation (r = −0.719**) and drought stress (r = −0.557*). Study Limitations/Implications: The selected genotypes constitute elite breeding materials; multi-environment evaluation is recommended. Findings/conclusions: Earliness, as a drought escape mechanism, contributed significantly to productive efficiency under both moisture regimes. Five genotypes with the lowest susceptibility to terminal drought were selected, of which CIAT-103-25, Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3-4-4, and Verdín exhibited higher productive efficiency than Negro Jamapa.
Productivity of maize genotypes in acid soils of southern Veracruz with and without dolomite
Objective: To determine the effect of soil acidity on the growth and yield of maize genotypes (Zea mays L.) under rainfed production conditions, and identify those with greater productive efficiency with and without the application of dolomitic lime. Design/methodology/approach: Twelve maize genotypes were evaluated in an acidic soil using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Two trials were established: one with dolomitic lime application and one without liming. Plant height, main ear insertion height, and grain yield were recorded. Data were analyzed through individual analyses of variance, mean comparison tests (LSD, α = 0.05), and correlation analysis. Productive efficiency under limed and non-limed conditions was estimated using the geometric mean index and the relative efficiency index . Results: Soil acidity reduced plant height by an average of 7.8%, ear height by 14.4%, and grain yield by 32.9%. SINT 1A and SINT 2B × V540 showed the best adaptation under acidic soil conditions. These same genotypes also exhibited the highest and values, indicating the greatest productive efficiency both with and without dolomitic lime application. Under limed soil conditions, V537C × V540 was the most productive genotype, followed by SINT 2B × V540 with acceptable grain yield. Limitations on study/implications: The evaluation of genotypes was conducted under conditions of soil acidity combined with drought stress, which allowed the identification of genotypes with greater productive efficiency under adverse edaphoclimatic conditions. Multi-environment evaluations and additional cropping cycles are recommended to confirm yield stability. Findings/conclusions: Soil acidity strongly affected plant architecture and productivity; however, liming improved plant growth and grain yield. SINT 3B × V-540 stood out for its stability and yield, making it a promising option for acidic soils in the Mexican tropics.
Molecular detection of Chlamydia sp. in small ruminants from the central region of the state of Veracruz, Mexico
Objective: To identify the presence of Chlamydia sp. in the municipality of Coatepec, Veracruz, Mexico Design/methodology/approach: A total of 60 animals from five dairy goat farms were included, comprising 57 females and three males of varying ages and breed phenotypes. Samples were obtained via vaginal and preputial swabs and placed in sterile conical tubes. Endpoint PCR was performed for the detection of the ompA VD2 gene with an amplification of 576 bp. Statistical analysis was conducted using the chi-square test for prevalence and a 2x2 contingency table for the analysis of risk factors. Results: An overall prevalence of 5.0% was obtained from the samples collected, with three females (5.26%) aged 48 months-old (6.1%), and 36 months (12.5%) months-old. A 6.8% of positive samples belonged to the alpine and saanen breed phenotypes; however, no risk factor attributable to the variables found was identified (p>0.05). Limitations on study/implications: The study has a small sample size and reduced UPP, which may limit the representativeness of the results, which may underestimate the true prevalence of the agent. Findings/conclusions: The presence of Chlamydia sp. in goats in the central region of the state of Veracruz has been confirmed, highlighting the usefulness of PCR as a diagnostic tool. These results underscore the need to expand health surveillance and strengthen prevention measures in goat production systems.
Plant selection using a sequential decision algorithm based on an ideotype
Objective: Develop a sequential decision algorithm to select plants in populations without repetitions based on an ideotype, using a logical process that employs everything from spreadsheets to programming languages. Design/methodology/approach: A sequential algorithm based on conditional logic is proposed that implements a multi-criteria filtering process. The algorithm can be implemented on different numerical analysis platforms as it is based on a sequential logical decision process. To validate its application, a selection was made from a population of 60 coffee plants (Coffea arabica L.) of the Sarchimor T5296 variety, using Excel as the platform and the AND function due to its accessibility. Results: Nine plants were selected that exhibited the desired characteristics of yield, plant height, canopy diameter, bienniality (I), and resistance to orange leaf rust, demonstrating the algorithmic selection capability. Limitations on study/implications: The method has limitations inherent to its binary sequential design: (1) it does not differentially weight the importance of criteria, (2) it does not consider negative correlations between characters in simultaneous selection, and (3) it depends on thresholds defined a priori. Findings/conclusions: The algorithm made it possible to select plants with behavior similar to or superior to the ideotype in contexts where conventional statistical methods are not applicable because they require replicated experimental designs.
Evaluation of factors affecting milk production and composition in dual-purpose systems
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the genetic and environmental effects on milk production and composition in dual-purpose cows in the Veracruz tropics. Methodology: A population of 79 cows grouped by crossbreeds in different proportions of Zebu*Holstein (17), Zebu*Swiss (50), and Zebu*Holstein*Swiss (12) was used. Milk samples were collected at 28-day intervals and analyzed using infrared (IR) spectrophotometry (MilkoScan FT-120, A/S FOSS Electric®). Adjusted means were estimated using PROC GLM from SAS®. The fixed effects included in the model were: genotype, herd, season, lactation number, year, and cow identification. The response variables were: lactation duration (days), production (kg), fat, protein, and lactose (%). Results: The duration of lactation averaged 307 ± 71.95 days, with total production of 1,240 ± 468.19 kg. The values for protein, fat, and lactose were 3.18 ± 0.41, 3.49 ± 0.82, and 4.42 ± 0.47, respectively. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for the effects of year, calving season, and number of calvings on lactation duration (319 ± 6.6 days) during the dry season and total milk production per lactation during the same season (1,239 ± 40.6 kg) by number of calvings. The longest lactation duration was reported in primiparous cows (345 ± 7.5 days). The effect of sampling season on milk composition was significant (p < 0.05) in the rainy season for protein (3.4 ± 0.03 %) and fat (3.8 ± 0.08%). Study limitations: This study is limited to a dual-purpose production system with crossbred cattle of different racial composition, under the management and environmental conditions of the participating herds. Conclusions: The results indicate that milk production and composition are influenced by environmental factors and by differences between the groups evaluated.
Bovine respiratory disease and its effects on productive performance indicators and carcass yield
Objective: To evaluate the impact of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) on productive performance indicators and hot carcass yield in feedlot cattle raised under intensive tropical production conditions. Design/methodology/approach: A total of 1,378 cattle were classified into three groups: animals without clinical signs of BRD, animals with one clinical event, and animals with two events during the fattening period. An ANCOVA model was applied using arrival weight as a covariate, followed by Fisher’s LSD test for multiple comparisons. Logistic regression was used to estimate the probability of presenting BRD as a function of hot carcass yield (%). Results: Cattle experiencing one or two BRD episodes showed significant decreases (p < 0.05) in average daily feed intake, daily weight gain, total weight gain, final live weight, and feed efficiency. Hot carcass weight and carcass yield also declined progressively as the number of BRD episodes increased. Logistic regression revealed a negative association between carcass yield and the probability of BRD occurrence, with stronger effects observed in cattle that experienced two clinical events. Limitations on study/implications: The study was conducted in a single feedlot operation, limiting the generalizability of the findings. Further research in different production systems and climatic regions is recommended to strengthen external validity. Findings/conclusions: BRD exerts a clear and cumulative negative impact on cattle growth performance and carcass yield. These findings highlight the need for strengthened preventive health programs, early diagnostic tools, and improved management practices to mitigate the effects of BRD in tropical feedlot systems.
Perception and attitude on water governance: design of indicators for Irrigation Districts in Mexico
Objective: to define the selection criteria for the design and validation of a methodological tool that operationalizes the water governance concept across the perception and attitude of stakeholders for efficient water management in Irrigation Districts. Design/methodology/approach: a questionnaire was designed and validated to assess perception and attitude variables in water governance, structuring the methodology in four phases. Initially, a contextualized conceptual framework was constructed to define a system of indicators with theoretical rigour. Subsequently, the psychometric operationalization of the variables into measurable items was carried out. A priori validation was performed using the Delphi technique, with a multidisciplinary panel of experts. Finally, a posteriori validation will empirically contrast the results to consolidate a robust diagnostic tool for longitudinal application. Limitations/implications: the subjective nature of the constructs measured (perception and attitude), whose validity may be compromised in relation to observable behaviors. Nevertheless, the instrument is a reliable methodological tool for the empirical diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of water governance. Findings/conclusions: a methodological tool was developed that operationalizes intangible constructs of perception and attitude into quantifiable indicators for water governance. Validated using the Delphi method, it allows critical indicators such as institutional trust and perceived equity to be measured. This tool is a strategic resource for longitudinal diagnoses and the design of interventions towards more transparent and efficient water management.
The traditional coffee agroecosystem in Chiapas: a systemic analysis of its ecological, productive, and sociocultural relevance
Objective: To analyze the traditional coffee agroecosystem in Chiapas from a systemic perspective to understand its ecological, productive, and sociocultural dimensions and to identify the relationships that explain its functioning and resilience. Design/methodology/approach: A structured documentary review with a systemic and rational–deductive orientation was conducted using 42 scientific sources. The analysis was organized around ecological, productive, and sociocultural criteria and incorporated a SWOT matrix to synthesize the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of shade-grown coffee systems in Chiapas and the Frailesca region. Results: Three core attributes of the agroecosystem were identified: structural diversity, ecological and productive multifunctionality, and smallholder management supported by local knowledge. These characteristics contribute to productive stability and socioecological resilience. The review also revealed tensions associated with socio-environmental disturbances, phytosanitary vulnerability, and outmigration of young people. The SWOT matrix highlighted opportunities linked to differentiated coffees, the cultural value of the crop, and the role of shade in biodiversity conservation. Research limitations/implications: The study relies on secondary sources and exposes gaps in systemic analyses of coffee production in the Frailesca region. Nevertheless, the review enabled the development of an integrative conceptualization of the agroecosystem and underscores the relevance of holistic approaches that articulate ecological, productive, social, and economic dimensions to guide future research and public policy. Findings/conclusions: The traditional coffee agroecosystem constitutes a complex system whose resilience is grounded in the interaction among diversity, multifunctionality, and smallholder management. Ensuring its long-term sustainability requires integrated strategies that strengthen ecological management, cultural preservation, and access to more equitable markets